Development of Visual Diagnostic Expertise in Pathology - An Information-processing Study

Table 6

Protocol Measures

	Novice		Intermediate		Expert				ANOVA
Measure	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	F Value	P Value	Pairwise Comparison (Tukey HSD)	P Value
Protocol lines	63.6	16.5	78.0	27.9	44.6	14.2	5.7	0.009	N, I	0.285
									N, E	0.154
									E, I	0.006
Data examination
Identification	14.1	5.4	20.5	8.2	8.0	2.8	9.4	0.001	N, I	0.065
									N, E	0.110
									E, I	0.001
Comparison	2.2	1.2	3.3	1.5	0.93	0.66	8.7	0.001	N, I	0.132
									N, E	0.077
									E, I	0.001
History	1.4	0.5	1.7	0.7	1.2	0.8	1.7	0.210	N, I	0.511
									N, E	0.741
									E, I	0.191
Data exploration and explanation	2.6	1.6	4.5	2.4	2.0	1.6	4.4	0.023	N, I	0.081
									N, E	0.794
									E, I	0.027
Data interpretation	4.9	1.6	11.4	4.1	8.4	3.6	9.8	0.001	N, I	0.000
									N, E	0.084
									E, I	0.153
Control Processes	0.4	0.5	0.9	1.3	0.4	0.4	0.8	0.454	N, I	0.500
									N, E	1.000
									E, I	0.557
Operational processes	2.6	2.1	4.4	1.8	1.5	1.6	5.4	0.011	N, I	0.119
									N, E	0.408
									E, I	0.009
Goal-setting	0.4	0.4	1.7	1.3	1.8	2.0	3.3	0.052	N, I	0.094
									N, E	0.083
									E, I	0.981
Unique hypotheses	2.2	0.6	4.0	0.9	3.3	1.2	11.3	<0.001	N, I	<0.001
									N, E	0.031
									E, I	0.210

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