Evaluation of Outpatient Computerized Physician Medication Order Entry Systems: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Frequency of All Selected Articles According to Outcome Categories and Study Design

				Study Designs with Control
				Positive Effect				Negative Effect
Outcome Category	Specific Study Design	Total	Demonstrated	Statistically	Mix	No Effect	Demonstrated	Statistically	Mix	Mixed Effect	ODWC*
Safety	RCT	1				121
	non-RCT	1			122
	OWC	2	119			120
Cost and Efficiency	RCT	4				321 28 33			129
	non-RCT	5		231 25		123	124			130
	OWC	3	132	226 27
Adherence to Guideline	RCT	4			137	328 29 33
	non-RCT	4		325 35 38		130
	OWC	3	234 36			132
Alert	RCT										619 39 40 41 42 43
	non-RCT
	OWC
Time	RCT	1						144			146
	non-RCT	2						231 45
	OWC
Satisfaction, Usage and Usability	RCT	3				228 29		121			925 30 32 33 36 43 44 46 48
	non-RCT	2					123	135
	OWC	1	147
Total	RCT				1	9		2	1		16
	non-RCT			5	1	2	2	3		1
	OWC		5	2		2

ODWC = Observation design without control; OWC = observational with controls.
Controlled Studies are also described by the effects of CPOE.

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