Qualitative Evaluation
| Associations Detected‡ | |||||
| Drug* (Treatment Indications) | Reference Standard† | Known ADEs | Indication Associations | Remote Indication Associations | Unknown Associations |
| Ibuprofen (pain of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, menstrual cramps, or mild to moderate pain) | constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, gas, headache, heartburn, nausea, stomach pain or upset | headache, achalasia, nausea, constipation | pain, pleuritic pain, chest pain, ache, referred pain, apyrexial, fever, chill, night sweat, hot flush | joint swelling, lesion, bacterial abscess, erythema, oral lesion, hemoptysis | |
| ACE inhibitors (hypertension and congestive heart failure) | cough, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, tiredness | cough, lethargy, dizziness, diarrhea, headache | chest pain, shortness of breath, syncope, orthopnea, pain | hyponatremia, decreased body weight, | vomiting, asymptomatic |
| Rosiglitazone (diabetes) | headache, weight gain, symptoms of heart failure | headache, chest pain, left atrial hypertrophy, shortness of breath | syncope, vertigo | tremor, pins and needle, cyanosis, colic abdominal | non-productive cough, erythema |
| Bupropion (depression and smoking cessation aid) | constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, pruritus increased sweating, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, nervousness, restlessness, taste changes, trouble sleeping, weight changes, seizure, tinnitus suicidal thoughts | dizziness, abnormal sensation, difficulty, drugged state, fatigue, constipation sleeplessness, seizure, tinnitus, pruritus feeling suicidal | suicidal, visual hallucinations, moody, emotional, tremor, nightmare | motor retardation, fall, jumpy, stiffness, early satiety, extrapyramidal sign, energy increased, malingerer, rale, urge incontinence, bulimia, yellow sputum, emaciation | |
| Paroxetine (mental depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder) | agitation, chest congestion, chest pain, chills, cold sweats, confusion, difficulty breathing, dizziness, muscle pain or weakness, skin rash, suicidal thoughts | pain chest, drowsiness, orthostasis, dyspnea, agitation, dizziness, feeling suicidal | verbal auditory hallucinations, sleeplessness | Syncope, hormonal changes, intoxication, sleepy, thinness, numbness | thicken |
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ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme.
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↵* Only five out of seven drugs in our evaluation set are listed in this table due to space limitations; the conditions that drugs treat are shown in parentheses following the drug name.
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↵† The reference standard constructed by the physician is shown in the second column, and new ADEs discovered after 2004 are shown in bold.
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↵‡ The associations obtained from our methods were categorized by the expert into four classes shown in the last four columns. New ADEs detected after 2004 based on data of 2004 are shown in bold.
