Unadjusted Means and SD, and Adjusted Means and SE Over Time for Study Outcomes, Based on Intention-to-Treat Analyses
| Outcome | Examination | Unadjusted | Adjusted∗ | Treatment Effect† (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Usual Care | Telemedicine | Usual Care | Telemedicine | |||||||||
| n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | Baseline | 802 | 7.40 | (1.60) | 829 | 7.36 | (1.48) | 7.45 | (0.06) | 7.43 | (0.05) | 0.02 (−0.13, 0.17) |
| One year | 701 | 7.16 | (1.40) | 681 | 6.96 | (1.12) | 7.20 | (0.05) | 7.08 | (0.05) | 0.12 (−0.02, 0.25) | |
| Two year | 633 | 7.15 | (1.25) | 618 | 7.05 | (1.12) | 7.17 | (0.05) | 7.06 | (0.05) | 0.11 (−0.03, 0.25) | |
| Three year | 531 | 7.15 | (1.26) | 466 | 7.04 | (1.17) | 7.21 | (0.05) | 7.10 | (0.05) | 0.11 (−0.03, 0.25) | |
| Four year | 494 | 7.24 | (1.39) | 436 | 7.06 | (1.17) | 7.29 | (0.05) | 7.13 | (0.05) | 0.16 (0.02, 0.31) | |
| Five year | 372 | 7.34 | (1.54) | 355 | 7.05 | (1.17) | 7.38 | (0.06) | 7.09 | (0.06) | 0.29 (0.12, 0.46) | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | Baseline | 791 | 108.21 | (35.75) | 819 | 106.82 | (34.96) | 108.11 | (1.21) | 106.64 | (1.22) | 1.47 (−1.90, 4.85) |
| One year | 700 | 105.65 | (39.41) | 679 | 95.80 | (31.68) | 105.49 | (1.10) | 97.84 | (1.11) | 7.65 (4.59, 10.71) | |
| Two year | 633 | 101.33 | (35.70) | 616 | 95.03 | (33.85) | 102.86 | (1.06) | 94.29 | (1.12) | 8.57 (5.54, 11.60) | |
| Three year | 528 | 99.26 | (35.78) | 466 | 92.02 | (32.99) | 100.23 | (1.11) | 92.68 | (1.08) | 7.55 (4.53, 10.58) | |
| Four year | 492 | 97.06 | (40.65) | 434 | 86.55 | (33.52) | 97.60 | (1.23) | 91.77 | (1.17) | 5.83 (2.51, 9.15) | |
| Five year | 369 | 94.39 | (34.61) | 354 | 92.00 | (34.57) | 94.97 | (1.40) | 91.13 | (1.43) | 3.84 (−0.08, 7.77) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | Baseline | 815 | 142.47 | (23.62) | 842 | 142.79 | (24.21) | 141.85 | (0.74) | 140.34 | (0.73) | 1.51 (−0.53, 3.56) |
| One year | 714 | 140.56 | (22.92) | 698 | 137.38 | (21.23) | 141.51 | (0.68) | 139.43 | (0.68) | 2.07 (0.19, 3.96) | |
| Two year | 636 | 140.95 | (22.75) | 620 | 137.28 | (21.88) | 141.17 | (0.66) | 138.53 | (0.67) | 2.64 (0.80, 4.48) | |
| Three year | 535 | 139.15 | (22.75) | 468 | 136.27 | (20.96) | 140.83 | (0.69) | 137.63 | (0.70) | 3.20 (1.27, 5.12) | |
| Four year | 493 | 141.45 | (22.46) | 437 | 138.44 | (21.24) | 140.49 | (0.76) | 136.73 | (0.77) | 3.76 (1.64, 5.88) | |
| Five year | 373 | 139.48 | (22.22) | 362 | 136.12 | (20.38) | 140.15 | (0.86) | 135.83 | (0.87) | 4.32 (1.93, 6.72) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | Baseline | 815 | 71.01 | (10.42) | 842 | 71.59 | (11.35) | 70.35 | (0.34) | 69.88 | (0.33) | 0.47 (−0.47, 1.41) |
| One year | 714 | 70.01 | (11.06) | 698 | 68.45 | (9.91) | 69.94 | (0.32) | 69.04 | (0.31) | 0.90 (0.04, 1.77) | |
| Two year | 636 | 69.42 | (10.87) | 620 | 68.52 | (10.54) | 69.53 | (0.31) | 68.19 | (0.30) | 1.34 (0.49, 2.18) | |
| Three year | 535 | 69.22 | (10.64) | 468 | 67.56 | (9.57) | 69.12 | (0.32) | 67.35 | (0.32) | 1.77 (0.88, 2.66) | |
| Four year | 493 | 69.79 | (10.86) | 437 | 67.94 | (9.95) | 68.70 | (0.35) | 66.50 | (0.35) | 2.20 (1.23, 3.18) | |
| Five year | 373 | 68.46 | (11.12) | 362 | 67.30 | (10.16) | 68.29 | (0.40) | 65.66 | (0.40) | 2.64 (1.53, 3.74) | |
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↵∗ Non-linear models with quadratic (group*[time]2) (time centered) and/or exponential (e−time) terms to model non-linearity with first order auto-regressive covariance structure was used for hemoglobin A1c and Compound Symmetry covariance structure was used for total and LDL cholesterol analyses. Linear models with the compound symmetry covariance structure was used for the systolic and diastolic blood pressure analyses. The adjusted means, standard errors and treatment effects (differences) were estimated from longitudinal linear and non-linear regression models, adjusting for clustering, and heterogeneous variances. The analytic samples were N = 1,658 for hemoglobin A1c, N = 1,656 for LDL-cholesterol, and N = 1663 for blood pressure levels.
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↵† Treatment effects are differences in adjusted means, scored in the direction of improvement associated with the intervention.
