Table 4
Correlation of Administration Errors with Potential Risk Factors (Statistically Significant Correlations in Multivariate Analysis in Bold)
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | Adjusted For | |
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Age (in years) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | gender, ward, day of the week, dosage form, Number of dosages/day/client |
| Gender | age, nursing home, dosage form, Number of dosages/day/client, supplied by robot | ||
| Male | Ref.3 | Ref. | |
| Female | 1.40 (1.09–1.81) | 1.39 (1.05–1.83) | |
| Medication characteristics | |||
| ATC medication class∗ | ward, dosage form, supplied by robot, medication crushed | ||
| Gastro-intestinal | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Blood | 1.45 (1.00–2.11) | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | |
| Cardiovascular | 0.58 (0.42–0.81) | 0.44 (0.30–0.64) | |
| Dermatological | 0.49 (0.06–4.01) | 1.36 (0.13–13.68) | |
| Gynaecological | 0.35 (0.11–1.18) | 0.28 (0.08–0.98) | |
| Hormones | 0.57 (0.19–1.68) | 0.70 (0.23–2.21) | |
| Antibiotics | 7.67 (2.31–25.47) | 11.11 (2.66–46.50) | |
| Musculoskeletal | 1.71 (0.90–3.24) | 1.15 (0.56–2.33) | |
| Neurological | 1.13 (0.84–1.53) | 0.76 (0.53–1.08) | |
| Respiratory | 0.39 (0.38–1.11) | 0.49 (0.11–2.24) | |
| Eye | 0.68 (0.18–0.84) | 0.76 (0.24–2.40) | |
| Other | 0.29 (0.08–5.91) | 3.85 (0.40–37.14) | |
| Dosage form∗,† | |||
| Oral powder | Ref. | ||
| Injection | 0.20 (0.02–1.72) | ||
| Eyedrop | 0.84 (0.27–2.58) | ||
| Solid oral form | 2.15 (0.91–5.09) | ||
| Liquid oral form | 2.35 (0.92–6.00) | ||
| Cream/ointment | 1.05 (0.11–10.06) | ||
| Inhalation form | 1.52 (0.56–4.13) | ||
| Medication crushed | nursing home | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 4.00 (3.10–5.17) | 7.83 (5.40–11.36) | |
| Number of medicines/day/client5 | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | ||
| Number of dosages/day/client | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | no confounders identified |
| Organization characteristics | |||
| Nursing home | experience nurse attendant, medication crushed | ||
| 1 | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 2 | 3.33 (2.43–4.57) | 3.90 (2.82–5.41) | |
| 3 | 2.96 (2.14–4.09) | 1.00 (0.66–1.52) | |
| Supplied by robot | nursing home, ATC medication class | ||
| Yes | Ref. | Ref. | |
| No | 1.82 (1.39–2.37) | 2.92 (2.04–4.18) | |
| Time characteristics | nursing home, ATC medication class, day of the week | ||
| Time class | |||
| 6 pm to 10 pm | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 7 To 10 am | 1.58 (1.13–2.20) | 2.28 (1.50–3.47) | |
| 10 am to 2 pm | 1.95 (1.24–3.08) | 1.96 (1.18–3.27) | |
| 2 pm to 6 pm | 1.31 (0.89–1.94) | 1.31 (0.87–1.99) | |
| Day‡ | gender, nursing home, experience nurse attendant, time class | ||
| Monday | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Wednesday | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) | 1.46 (1.03–2.07) | |
| Thursday | 0.90 (0.65–1.25) | 0.76 (0.53–1.09) | |
| Friday | 1.61 (1.21–2.12) | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | |
| Nurse attendant characteristics | nursing home, day of the week, training of nurse attendant, medication crushed | ||
| Experience (in years) | |||
| 0–1 | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 1–5 | 0.45 (0.29–0.70) | 0.45 (0.17–1.22) | |
| > 5 | 0.48 (0.32–0.72) | 0.54 (0.21–1.42) | |
| Training | nursing home, day of the week, experience nurse attendant, time class, medication crushed | ||
| Registered nurse | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Nurse attendant | 0.56 (0.32–0.96) | 0.78 (0.42–1.45) | |
| Trainee nurse attendant | 1.14 (0.57–2.27) | 0.57 (0.14–2.31) |
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OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, Ref. = reference category.
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↵∗ Classes with one or more empty cells are not shown (e.g., medication class ocular: only three administrations that all contained one or more errors).
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↵† Univariate analysis showed no significant correlations, so multivariate analysis not performed.
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↵‡ Tuesday not measured because of unavailability of observer.
