Handheld Computer Use in U.S. Family Practice Residency Programs
- Affiliations of the authors: Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Lawton, Oklahoma (DFC); University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas
- Correspondence and reprint requests: Dan F. Criswell, MD, 4427 West Gore Boulevard, Lawton, OK 73505; e-mail: <dan-criswell{at}ouhsc.edu>
- Received 7 May 2001
- Accepted 9 October 2001
Abstract
Objective The purpose of the study was to evaluate the uses of handheld computers (also called personal digital assistants, or PDAs) in family practice residency programs in the United States.
Study Design In November 2000, the authors mailed a questionnaire to the program directors of all American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and American College of Osteopathic Family Practice (ACOFP) residency programs in the United States.
Measurements Data and patterns of the use and non-use of handheld computers were identified.
Results Approximately 50 percent (306 of 610) of the programs responded to the survey. Two thirds of the programs reported that handheld computers were used in their residencies, and an additional 14 percent had plans for implementation within 24 months. Both the Palm and the Windows CE operating systems were used, with the Palm operating system the most common. Military programs had the highest rate of use (8 of 10 programs, 80 percent), and osteopathic programs had the lowest (23 of 55 programs, 42 percent). Of programs that reported handheld computer use, 45 percent had required handheld computer applications that are used uniformly by all users. Funding for handheld computers and related applications was non-budgeted in 76percent of the programs in which handheld computers were used. In programs providing a budget for handheld computers, the average annual budget per user was $461.58. Interested faculty or residents, rather than computer information services personnel, performed upkeep and maintenance of handheld computers in 72 percent of the programs in which the computers are used. In addition to the installed calendar, memo pad, and address book, the most common clinical uses of handheld computers in the programs were as medication reference tools, electronic textbooks, and clinical computational or calculator-type programs.
Conclusions Handheld computers are widely used in family practice residency programs in the United States. Although handheld computers were designed as electronic organizers, in family practice residencies they are used as medication reference tools, electronic textbooks, and clinical computational programs and to track activities that were previously associated with desktop database applications.
Footnotes
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This work was supported by grant 5-D45PE56003 from the Division of Medicine of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the author and do not represent the views of HRSA.
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↵* Finnie M. Are EMRs useful in the provision of adult health maintenance? Unpublished manuscript. April 2001.
